ReConTarian Sandbox

NBC News: Child Separations Started In October 2016 link

DHS official says the practice of dividing parents and kids predates the Trump presidency.



"In a new report on the Trump administration's "pilot program" for its "zero tolerance" policy that has resulted in the separation of thousands of children from their families who entered the country illegally, NBC News notes that the separations began in October 2016, months before Donald Trump was inaugurated.

As Ed Morissey suggests, the title of NBC's report is potentially misleading: "Trump admin ran 'pilot program' for separating migrant families in 2017," it reads.

Though the title correctly cites 2017 as the start date of the official zero tolerance "pilot program," the subtitle makes clear that the true start date for the separation of migrant children from their parents was actually 2016: "The numbers show the government was separating migrant kids from their parents back in 2016 and 2017," reads the subtitle.

NBC begins its report by noting that at least 2,342 migrant children have been separated from their parents since May 5, the official date of the implementation of the administration's "zero tolerance" policy. "But numbers provided to NBC News by the Department of Homeland Security show that another 1,768 were separated from their parents between October 2016 and February 2018, bringing the total number of separated kids to more than 4,100."

Here's the key passage from NBC's report:

<sup>More than 1,000 children were separated between October 2016 and September 2017, and 703 were separated between October 2017 and February 2018, according to DHS.

It's unclear how many of those 1,768 children were separated after President Donald Trump's inauguration in January 2017. NBC repeatedly asked DHS for comprehensive data, but the agency declined to provide month-by-month figures and did not provide any numbers for March and April 2018.

A DHS official told NBC News that the practice of dividing parents and kids predates the Trump presidency. "DHS has continued a long-standing policy by the previous administration," said the official, listing risk to the child and criminal prosecution of the parent as among the reasons for separation.</sup>

Though NBC's sources clearly state that the separation of families predated the Trump administration, the network chose to focus the piece on the "pilot program," which its sources say ran from July 2017 to October 2017.

"The DHS official also confirmed to NBC that, from July 2017 to October 2017, the Trump administration ran what the official called a 'pilot program' for zero tolerance in El Paso," NBC reports."

The practice of separating as necessary for safety reasons is not the same thing as the policy of separating every family, every time.

Y’all know what is happening is wrong. And you know it’s not the same.

They don’t care. It’s not their kid that’s being taken away from them so why should they? Just as long as their side wins. That’s all that matters.

You keep bring up obama like I care. I didn’t vote for obama. IF separation of mothers and children have stopped it’s because of people like the liberals on this board that put the pressure on Trump. So my hat is off to you liberals!

No, Donald Trump’s separation of immigrant families was not Barack Obama’s policy

By John Kruzel on Tuesday, June 19th, 2018 at 7:32 a.m.


In this photo provided by U.S. Customs and Border Protection, people who’ve been taken into custody related to cases of illegal entry into the United States, sit in one of the cages at a facility in McAllen, Texas, June 17, 2018. (via AP)
Critics of the Trump administration’s separating of families illegally crossing the U.S. border with Mexico have characterized the practice as a distinctly cruel feature of Donald Trump’s presidency.

But some Republican commentators argue the policy is essentially a continuation of previous administrations.

"You know what's ironic? It's the same way Barack Obama did it," conservative commentator Matt Schlapp said during the June 15 broadcast of Fox News' America's Newsroom. "This is the problem with all of these things, the outrage you see coming from the left. There wasn't outrage over Barack Obama separating kids from adults."

While the Obama administration's immigration approach was not without controversy, it’s simply untrue to say he had a policy of separating families.

Trump policy
Let’s recap what the Trump administration is doing, before turning to Obama’s handling of immigration.

Attorney General Jeff Sessions in April announced a "zero-tolerance" policy, meaning every person caught crossing the border illegally would be referred for federal prosecution.

A good number of these people are adult migrants traveling with children. By law, when adults are detained and criminally prosecuted, their children cannot be housed with them in jail. Instead, kids are placed in a Department of Health and Human Services shelter until they can be released to a legal guardian.

Some 2,000 children have been separated from the adults they were traveling with across the U.S. border, according to the latest figures from the Department of Homeland Security. The children were separated from 1,940 adults from April 19 through May 31 as a result of border-crossing prosecutions.

Obama policy
Immigration experts we spoke to said Obama-era policies did lead to some family separations, but only relatively rarely, and nowhere near the rate of the Trump administration. (A Department of Homeland Security spokeswoman said the Obama administration did not count the number of families separated at the border.)

"Obama generally refrained from prosecution in cases involving adults who crossed the border with their kids," said Peter Margulies, an immigration law and national security law professor at Roger Williams University School of Law. "In contrast, the current administration has chosen to prosecute adult border-crossers, even when they have kids. That's a choice — one fundamentally different from the choice made by both Obama and previous presidents of both parties."

Denise Gilman, a law professor who directs the immigration clinic at the University of Texas School of Law, said immigration attorneys "occasionally" saw separated families under the Obama administration.

"However, these families were usually reunited quite quickly once identified," she said, "even if that meant release of a parent from adult detention."

In Trump’s case, family separations are a feature, not a bug, of the administration’s border policies, said David Fitzgerald, who co-directs the Center for Comparative Immigration Studies.

"The family separations are not the small-scale collateral consequences of a border policy, but rather, a deliberate initiative," he added.

Former Obama officials in recent interviews drew sharp distinctions between Trump’s policy and that of his predecessors.

The Trump administration's current approach is modeled after Operation Streamline, a 2005 program under the administration of George W. Bush, according to Obama spokesman Eric Schultz. The key difference, he said, is that while the 2005 program referred all illegal immigrants for prosecution, it made exceptions for adults traveling with children.

Jeh Johnson, Obama’s Homeland Security secretary from 2013 to the end of his presidency, said such separations occurred in rare cases, but never as a matter of policy.

"I can't say that it never happened. There may have been some exigent situation, some emergency," Johnson told NPR June 9. "There may have been some doubt about whether the adult accompanying the child was in fact the parent of the child. I can't say it never happened — but not as a matter of policy or practice. It's not something that I could ask our Border Patrol or our immigration enforcement personnel to do."

Obama’s top domestic policy adviser, Cecilia Muñoz, said the Obama administration briefly weighed the separation of parents from children, before deciding against it.

"I do remember looking at each other like, ‘We’re not going to do this, are we?’ We spent five minutes thinking it through and concluded that it was a bad idea," she told the New York Times. "The morality of it was clear — that’s not who we are."

Andrew Selee, president of the Migration Policy Institute, said that, as a deterrent, the Obama administration began prosecuting border-crossers who had already been deported at least once.

"But very few of those people crossed with children, so it didn’t become as visible an issue," he said. "There was some child separation and some pushback by immigrant advocacy groups around that, but the numbers were quite limited.

"The idea of prosecuting people who cross the border illegally the first time they are caught is entirely new," he added. "So we haven’t seen children separated from their parents on anything near this scale before."

The Obama administration’s immigration policy was not without controversy, to be sure.

In 2014, amid an influx of asylum seekers from Central America, the administration established large family detention centers to hold parents and children — potentially indefinitely — as a means of deterring other asylees. The practice eventually lost a legal challenge, resulting in a 2016 decision that stopped families from being detained together.

Schlapp told us that his claim referred to the fact that both Obama and Trump are bound by the same procedures prohibiting family detention.

However, Schlapp’s full comment gives the misleading impression that Trump is essentially continuing Obama’s policy, when in fact Trump’s zero tolerance policy is quite different.

Our ruling
Schlapp said the Trump administration’s policy of separating families is "the same way Barack Obama did it."

Obama’s immigration policy specifically sought to avoid breaking up families. While some children were separated from their parents under Obama, this was relatively rare, and occurred at a far lower rate than under Trump, where the practice flows from a zero tolerance approach to illegal border-crossings.

We rate this False.

And...

What We Know: Family Separation And 'Zero Tolerance' At The Border

Camila DomonoskeJune 19, 20182:17 PM ET

A photo provided by U.S. Customs and Border Protection shows the interior of a CBP facility in McAllen, Texas, on Sunday. Immigration officials have separated thousands of families who crossed the border illegally. Reporters taken on a tour of the facility were not allowed by agents to interview any of the detainees or take photos, the AP reported.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection's Rio Grande Valley Sector via AP
Updated at 4:40 a.m. ET Wednesday

Since early May, 2,342 children have been separated from their parents after crossing the Southern U.S. border, according to the Department of Homeland Security, as part of a new immigration strategy by the Trump administration that has prompted widespread outcry.

On Wednesday, President Trump signed an executive order reversing his policy of separating families — and replacing it with a policy of detaining entire families together, including children, but ignoring legal time limits on the detention of minors.

Here's what we know about the family separation policy, its history and its effects:

Did the Trump administration have a policy of separating families at the border?

Yes.

In April, U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions ordered prosecutors along the border to "adopt immediately a zero-tolerance policy" for illegal border crossings. That included prosecuting parents traveling with their children as well as people who subsequently attempted to request asylum.

In Their Own Words

President Trump: "The United States will not be a migrant camp and it will not be a refugee holding facility. ... Not on my watch."

Attorney General Jeff Sessions: "If you cross this border unlawfully, then we will prosecute you. It's that simple. ... If you are smuggling a child, then we will prosecute you and that child will be separated from you as required by law. If you don't like that, then don't smuggle children over our border."

Sessions on whether the policy is a deterrent: "Yes, hopefully people will get the message and come through the border at the port of entry and not break across the border unlawfully."

Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen: Under the "zero tolerance" policy, when families cross the border illegally, "Operationally, what that means is we will have to separate your family. That's no different than what we do every day in every part of the United States when an adult of a family commits a crime."

White House chief of staff John Kelly: Separating families is "a tough deterrent. ... The children will be taken care of — put into foster care or whatever. But the big point is they elected to come illegally into the United States and this is a technique that no one hopes will be used extensively or for very long."

White House officials have repeatedly acknowledged that under that policy, they separate all families who cross the border. Sessions has described it as deterrence.

U.S. Customs and Border Protection explains on its site and in a flyer that border-crossing families will be separated.

The policy was unique to the Trump administration. Previous administrations did not, as a general principle, separate all families crossing the U.S. border illegally.

What policy did Trump enact on Wednesday?

On Wednesday, Trump ended the policy of family separation and replaced it with a policy of family detention.

He signed an executive order that kept the zero-tolerance policy in place — but added, "It is also the policy of this Administration to maintain family unity, including by detaining alien families together where appropriate and consistent with law and available resources." It did provide an exception for when authorities believe keeping the family together would be harmful for the child.

In signing the order, Trump noted "there may be some litigation" — that is, a legal challenge to the new policy.

A 2015 court order, based on a document called the Flores settlement, prevents the government from keeping migrant children in detention for more than 20 days. Trump has instructed Attorney General Jeff Sessions to ask the federal court to modify that agreement in order to allow children, and by extension, unified families, to be kept in detention without time limit.

The request asks, specifically, for permission from the courts "to detain alien families together throughout the pendency of criminal proceedings for improper entry or any removal or other immigration proceedings."

Trump also calls for branches of his administration to make facilities available for detaining families with children — and calls on the Defense Department, to build new facilities "if necessary."

The Obama administration practiced family detention, until the court order prohibited it. Many of the same groups that have vocally denounced family separation are also opposed to family detention, and had urged supervised release instead.

Children currently remain separated from their parents. In signing the order, Trump said it would keep families together "in the immediate days forward." It is not clear when or how currently separated families will be reunited.

What happens when families are separated?

The process begins at a Customs and Border Protection detention facility. But many details about what happens next — how children are taken from their parents and by whom — were unclear.

According to the Texas Civil Rights Project, which has been able to speak with detained adults, multiple parents reported that they were separated from their children and not given any information about where their children would go. The organization also says that in some cases, the children were taken away under the pretense that they would be getting a bath.

The Los Angeles Times spoke to unnamed Homeland Security officials who said parents were given information about the family separation process and that "accusations of surreptitious efforts to separate are completely false."

From the point of separation forward, the policy for treating the separated children appears to be the same as existing systems for detaining and housing unaccompanied immigrant children — designed for minors who cross the border alone. Those unaccompanied minors were generally older than the children affected by family separation.


A photo provided by U.S. Customs and Border Protection shows people detained at a facility in McAllen, Texas, on Sunday.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection's Rio Grande Valley Sector via AP
Where have children gone once they've been separated?

The answer varies over time. Children begin at Customs and Border Protection facilities, are transferred to longer-term shelters and are supposed to eventually be placed with families or sponsors. Here's more about each step:

Customs and Border Protection facilities. If you've seen photos of children in what look like chain-link cages — whether unaccompanied minors in 2014 or separated children in 2018 — they are probably photos from a Customs and Border Protection facility.

Children usually are held here initially, but it is illegal to keep them for more than three days — these holding cells are not meant for long-term detention.

The Associated Press visited one site on Monday and described a "large, dark facility" with separate wings for children, adults and families:

"Inside an old warehouse in South Texas, hundreds of children wait in a series of cages created by metal fencing. One cage had 20 children inside. Scattered about are bottles of water, bags of chips and large foil sheets intended to serve as blankets."

Such facilities have been criticized before for poor conditions and reports of abuse and inhumane treatment, including a number of allegations the CBP strongly denies.

Child immigrant shelters. Within three days, children are supposed to be transferred from immigration detention to the Office of Refugee Resettlement, which is part of the Department of Health and Human Services.

For 15 years, ORR has handled the "care and placement" of unaccompanied migrant children. Until recently, that usually meant minors who crossed into the U.S. alone. Now it also includes children who have been separated from their families by authorities, including much younger children.

On a call with reporters on Tuesday, a Border Patrol official said that it's a matter of "discretion" how young is too young for a child to be separated from their parents. In general, he said, the age of 5 has been used as a benchmark, with children younger than that called "tender-aged."

The CEO of Southwest Key, which operates 26 ORR shelters, tells NPR the children at his facilities range from ages "zero to 17."

On the same call, an HHS official said that some of the ORR shelters are specifically equipped to take care of children younger than 13. He provided few details and could not say how many children under 13, under 5 or under 2 are currently being held by HHS.

Now The Associated Press reports that it has located three centers in Texas that "have been rapidly repurposed to serve needs of children including some under 5," with a fourth center scheduled to open in Houston. Infants are among the detained children, the AP reports.

ORR has a network of about 100 shelter facilities, all operated by nonprofit groups, where children are detained.

NPR's John Burnett recently joined other reporters to visit one such facility, a converted Walmart Supercenter housing nearly 1,500 boys ages 10 to 17. Journalists' access to that facility in Brownsville, Texas, was limited, but the site was markedly different from CBP facilities seen in photos released by the government — the teenage boys slept on beds instead of mats on the floor, in rooms instead of cages, and had access to classes and games.

ORR says children remain at these shelters for "fewer than 57 days on average." However some children have been kept detained for months longer than that, and some advocates say certain facilities improperly administer psychotropic medications.

Observers have raised concerns about the psychological toll on young children who enter this shelter system. NPR's Joel Rose talked to one former shelter employee who said he quit after he was instructed to prevent siblings from hugging each other. The organization that runs the shelter said it allows touching and hugging in certain circumstances.

Where Are The Girls And Young Children?
Official photos and videos have shown only older boys at shelter facilities.

The Department of Health and Human Services says there are specialized shelters for children under 13. No images from those shelters have been released, but authorities say new images and videos will be provided later this week.

The Associated Press says it has identified three shelters in Texas that are housing young children, including infants. The locations of those shelters were not released by the government.

More than 10,000 migrant children, including children who crossed the border alone, are kept in ORR facilities. And existing facilities are filling up — the shelter Burnett visited was 95 percent full.

Tent camps. A temporary facility has been set up in Tornillo, Texas, near El Paso. Little is known about the facility, and reporters have not been allowed inside, but KQED's John Sepulvado has seen the tent camp from outside.

"It's a heavy-duty-grade white tent in the middle of a desert," he told NPR's Here & Now. "It's behind two chain-link fences and there's a dirt easement that's on top of it, so you can't actually see into it from the American side."


Detained migrant children play soccer at a newly constructed tent encampment as seen through a border fence near the U.S. Customs and Border Protection port of entry in Tornillo, Texas, on Monday.
Jose Luis Gonzalez/Reuters
The tent camp popped up rapidly, with the first large white tent appearing essentially overnight. Within days, a complex of smaller tan tents surrounded it; photos released by HHS show bunk beds packed tightly into the tents.

It's not clear how many teenagers are inside, Sepulvado says, but the government was planning to expand it to hold some 4,000 detained minors.

This is not the first time the U.S. government has used temporary shelters for minors: During the surge of unaccompanied minors crossing the border in 2014, HHS set up several temporary facilities at military bases.

Sponsors or family members. Ultimately, ORR tries to find family members, foster parents or sponsors to take in children. Parents are the preferred option, but that has not a possibility for children who have been separated from parents who remain in detention.

It is not clear if, under Trump's new policy, separated children might still be placed with sponsors or if they will all return to detention with their parents.

There is no time limit on how long it can take to find a home for a child, but again, ORR says that on average the process takes less than two months.

By law, those relatives or sponsors must, among other requirements, show that they can provide for the minor — sometimes verified with home visits — and ensure the minor's attendance at any future court hearing.

The Trump administration has said that it intends to subject sponsors to increased scrutiny.

Under those new rules, the criminal background and immigration status of all sponsors, and any other adult living in the household, will be examined. Biometric data, such as fingerprints, also will be required. The checks will be performed by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and not by ORR.

Critics say these new background checks will have a chilling effect.

"Under the current circumstances and given the anti-immigrant rhetoric of the administration, it may be that few will be willing to come forward to claim children," said Bob Carey, who was director of ORR under the Obama administration.

Can parents who are prosecuted be reunited with their children?

Parents face a court hearing where, as Burnett has reported, they may face objections from prosecutors if their lawyers try to bring up their children in a bid for leniency.

If parents are eventually released from detention, they will be able to take custody of their own children, Nielsen said at a news conference Monday.

In a statement to NPR, ICE expanded on the process of family reunification.

During a parent's detention, "ICE and ORR will work together to locate separated children, verify the parent/child relationship, and set up regular communication and removal coordination, if necessary," ICE says. A hotline has been set up to help parents and children find each other.

"ICE will make every effort to reunite the child with the parent once the parent's immigration case has been adjudicated," a spokesman said. Parents being deported may request that their children leave with them or may decide to leave the children in the U.S. to pursue their own immigration claim, ICE says. For instance, they might suggest another family member in the U.S. to sponsor their child, as described above.

However, The New Yorker spoke to lawyers and advocates who said there is no formal process or clear protocol for tracking parents and children within the system and that chaotic systems and inadequate record keeping make it difficult even to know which facility a child might be kept at.

And The New York Times reports that some parents have been deported without their children, against their will.

What is the law regarding the treatment of migrant children?

A two-decade-old court settlement, the Flores settlement, and a law called the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act both specify how the government must treat migrant children.

They require that migrant children be placed in "the least restrictive environment" or sent to live with family members. They also limit how long families with children can be detained; courts have interpreted that limit as 20 days.

Previous administrations have released families to meet these requirements. President Trump has said the law requires him to separate families, which is not true. His advisers have presented a more complicated argument for how the law requires family separation.

"The laws prohibit us from detaining families while they go through prosecution," Nielsen said on Monday — a reference to the 20-day limits on how long children can be detained. Therefore, she says, "we cannot detain families together."

She argues that that leaves the administration with the options of not enforcing the law, which it rejects, or separating families. But immigration advocates and legal experts say that there are other options, including those that previous administrations have chosen.

Trump's new order has effectively requested a change to the existing law, to loosen restrictions on the detention of children.

What was the policy under President Obama?

The Obama administration established family detention centers that kept families together while their cases were processed. Trump's executive order appears to effectively revive this policy.

The Obama-era centers were sharply criticized for keeping children detained even if they were still with their parents. A court ruled that those detention centers violated the Flores agreement and that families should be released together.

The Obama White House also had a policy of releasing families through a program called Alternatives to Detention that still allowed them to be closely supervised — for instance, by giving mothers ankle monitors before releasing them.

The ACLU welcomed the Alternatives to Detention program, but other immigrant-rights groups had reservations.

As Burnett reported, one for-profit prison company that was making money off immigrant detention was also profiting off those ankle monitor systems.

ICE tells NPR that the Alternatives to Detention program is still active under the Trump administration, but Trump has repeatedly said he opposes what he denounces as "catch and release."

Can families request asylum, allowing them to stay together?

What Is Asylum?

Seeking asylum means asking the U.S. to accept you — legally — because of persecution you are facing in your home country.

Crossing the border illegally is a misdemeanor; for a person who has already been deported once, it's a felony. Both types of crimes are currently being prosecuted with no exceptions, even if a person later requests asylum.

Seeking asylum at a port of entry, however, is not a crime at all.

Hypothetically, yes. In practice, maybe not.

Families that request asylum at ports of entry are meant to be kept together while their claims are processed.

But there is evidence that even families who seek asylum at ports of entry are being separated. One high-profile case involves a Congolese woman who sought asylum and still was separated from her 7-year-old daughter. In February, NPR's Burnett reported on the legal battle of Ms. L v. ICE.

Hers is not an isolated case, according to immigrant advocates.

"Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service has documented 53 incidents of family separation in the last nine months, mostly Central Americans. Other immigrant support groups say there are many more cases," Burnett reported.

Reporter Jean Guerrero of KPBS in San Diego reported on the case of a Salvadoran father, Jose Demar Fuentes, who says he sought asylum and was separated from his 1-year-old son, Mateo, despite having an original birth certificate proving that he is the boy's father.


In a White House press briefing Monday, Nielsen said, "DHS is not separating families legitimately seeking asylum at ports of entry." But she said DHS "will only separate a family if we cannot determine there is a familial relationship, if child is at risk with the parent or legal guardian, or if the parent or legal guardian is referred for prosecution."

Burnett also has reported that some families are not being allowed to request asylum — that they are being repeatedly turned away and told the CBP facility is too full to accept them.

Nielsen has denied that some asylum-seekers who present themselves at a port of entry are being turned away, which would be a violation of international law.

"We are saying we want to take care of you in the right way. Right now we do not have the resources at this particular moment in time. Come back," she said.

For myself, I’ll feel a little bit better when all of the families who have been separated are reunited,

They were talking on the news today about all the issues they will have trying to get toddlers who don’t speak well matched up with their actual parents.  The tracking of who has been sent where and which children belong to which parents is awful.  And it isn’t as if they can ask a 3 year old to tell them the full names of their parents and get a response with much accuracy.  

So far, unless some were reunited since yesterday, I think we are up to a whopping 2 kids reunited so far. 

Some days I want to hug your neck. Totally this.

Yep, spot on. With this administration, the damn right hand doesn’t know what the damn left hand is doing. It is inexcusable that those idiots had no plan to reunite families.

And yeah, they are idiots. What the hell were they thinking? Is being an idiot a prerequisite for getting a job in this administration? Gah!

That may be the single best post I've read about this issue.

It cuts through the whys and whens and gets right to the heart of a very serious problem that is happening now.

Thank you.

Some kids are infants. THREE months at that......... I think that one is in Michigan. So easy IF they had planned ahead. But they admit that possibly 100s may not be reunited.

I'm walking into this cold. I don't know who is counted in the possible 100's here.

What I do know is that kids are right now being housed who were brought to our border and dumped because they were only used to make entry into the US easier. That's not a recent result of Trump's decision. This has been going on for quite some time.

Of the children who were separated from adults, there is some percentage that were either being used for easier entry and/or are being trafficked. Those children need to be kept away from whomever they entered the country with and should not be counted in those who need to be reunited with the people who brought them to the border.

It would be so much easier if it was all this or all that. If we didn't have a disastrous drug crisis that is linked to horrendous violent crime. If children weren't smuggled in and then used as cheap or free labor - or even worse, sold into becoming sex slaves. If families weren't risking their lives in an attempt to improve their lot in life.

But, we do have these dire contingencies to be concerned with. 


None of these concerns matter if we can't tell one child from another. This is exactly the kind of thing that makes me want a secure border sooner than later. That bouncy facility is able to keep the children front and center in importance not through their laxness but through careful admittance practices. 



It's really hard to institute new and better practices while you are being overwhelmed.  We all know the news crews would be on the southern side filming every second of the growing population who would be waiting, searching out the saddest stories in an attempt to soften border regulations.

I don't want softer border regulations. I want there to be a way to know who comes into this country and when they enter. If children are separated from adults for any reason, there needs to be accountability for their identities and their locations and not just for their overall welfare.